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Interaction between intra‐oral cinnamaldehyde and nicotine assessed by psychophysical and physiological responses
Author(s) -
Jensen Tanja K.,
Andersen Michelle V.,
Nielsen Kent A.,
ArendtNielsen Lars,
Boudreau Shellie A.
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
european journal of oral sciences
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.802
H-Index - 93
eISSN - 1600-0722
pISSN - 0909-8836
DOI - 10.1111/eos.12279
Subject(s) - irritation , cinnamaldehyde , nicotine , medicine , tongue , pharmacology , anesthesia , chemistry , pathology , biochemistry , immunology , catalysis
Cinnamaldehyde and nicotine activate the transient receptor potential subtype A1 ( TRPA 1) channel, which may cause burning sensations. This study investigated whether cinnamaldehyde modulates nicotine‐induced psychophysical and physiological responses in oral tissues. Healthy non‐smokers ( n = 22) received, in a randomized, double‐blind, crossover design, three different gums containing 4 mg of nicotine, 20 mg of cinnamaldehyde, or a combination thereof. Assessments of orofacial temperature and blood flow, blood pressure, heart rate, taste experience, and intra‐oral pain/irritation area and intensity were performed before, during, and after a 10‐min chewing regime. Cinnamaldehyde increased the temperature of the tongue and blood flow of the lip, and was associated with pain/irritation, especially in the mouth. Nicotine increased the temperature of the tongue and blood flow of the cheek, and produced pain/irritation in the mouth and throat. The combination of cinnamaldehyde and nicotine did not overtly change the psychophysical or physiological responses. Interestingly, half of the subjects responded to cinnamaldehyde as an irritant, and these cinnamaldehyde responders reported greater nicotine‐induced pain/irritation areas in the throat. Whether sensitivity to cinnamaldehyde can predict the response to nicotine‐induced oral irritation remains to be determined. A better understanding of the sensory properties of nicotine in the oral mucosa has important therapeutic implications because pain and irritation represent compliance issues for nicotine replacement products.