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Bee phenology is predicted by climatic variation and functional traits
Author(s) -
Stemkovski Michael,
Pearse William D.,
Griffin Sean R.,
Pardee Gabriella L.,
Gibbs Jason,
Griswold Terry,
Neff John L.,
Oram Ryan,
Rightmyer Molly G.,
Sheffield Cory S.,
Wright Karen,
Inouye Brian D.,
Inouye David W.,
Irwin Rebecca E.
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
ecology letters
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 6.852
H-Index - 265
eISSN - 1461-0248
pISSN - 1461-023X
DOI - 10.1111/ele.13583
Subject(s) - phenology , pollinator , ecology , overwintering , biology , climate change , pollination , pollen
Climate change is shifting the environmental cues that determine the phenology of interacting species. Plant–pollinator systems may be susceptible to temporal mismatch if bees and flowering plants differ in their phenological responses to warming temperatures. While the cues that trigger flowering are well‐understood, little is known about what determines bee phenology. Using generalised additive models, we analyzed time‐series data representing 67 bee species collected over 9 years in the Colorado Rocky Mountains to perform the first community‐wide quantification of the drivers of bee phenology. Bee emergence was sensitive to climatic variation, advancing with earlier snowmelt timing, whereas later phenophases were best explained by functional traits including overwintering stage and nest location. Comparison of these findings to a long‐term flower study showed that bee phenology is less sensitive than flower phenology to climatic variation, indicating potential for reduced synchrony of flowers and pollinators under climate change.