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The external globus pallidus: progress and perspectives
Author(s) -
Hegeman Daniel J.,
Hong Ellie S.,
Hernández Vivian M.,
Chan C. Savio
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
european journal of neuroscience
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.346
H-Index - 206
eISSN - 1460-9568
pISSN - 0953-816X
DOI - 10.1111/ejn.13196
Subject(s) - basal ganglia , neuroscience , subthalamic nucleus , globus pallidus , striatum , direct pathway of movement , indirect pathway of movement , movement disorders , biology , cognitive science , psychology , parkinson's disease , deep brain stimulation , disease , medicine , dopamine , central nervous system , pathology
The external globus pallidus ( GP e) of the basal ganglia is in a unique and powerful position to influence processing of motor information by virtue of its widespread projections to all basal ganglia nuclei. Despite the clinical importance of the GP e in common motor disorders such as Parkinson's disease, there is only limited information about its cellular composition and organizational principles. In this review, recent advances in the understanding of the diversity in the molecular profile, anatomy, physiology and corresponding behaviour during movement of GP e neurons are described. Importantly, this study attempts to build consensus and highlight commonalities of the cellular classification based on existing but contentious literature. Additionally, an analysis of the literature concerning the intricate reciprocal loops formed between the GP e and major synaptic partners, including both the striatum and the subthalamic nucleus, is provided. In conclusion, the GP e has emerged as a crucial node in the basal ganglia macrocircuit. While subtleties in the cellular makeup and synaptic connection of the GP e create new challenges, modern research tools have shown promise in untangling such complexity, and will provide better understanding of the roles of the GP e in encoding movements and their associated pathologies.