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Cerebellar continuous theta‐burst stimulation affects motor learning of voluntary arm movements in humans
Author(s) -
Li Voti Pietro,
Conte Antonella,
Rocchi Lorenzo,
Bologna Matteo,
Khan Nashaba,
Leodori Giorgio,
Berardelli Alfredo
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
european journal of neuroscience
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.346
H-Index - 206
eISSN - 1460-9568
pISSN - 0953-816X
DOI - 10.1111/ejn.12391
Subject(s) - transcranial magnetic stimulation , index finger , motor learning , psychology , cerebellum , motor cortex , stimulation , neuroscience , facilitation , physical medicine and rehabilitation , primary motor cortex , motor skill , grasp , medicine , anatomy , computer science , programming language
Abstract In this study we investigated in healthy subjects whether continuous theta‐burst stimulation (c TBS ) over the lateral cerebellum alters motor practice and retention phases during ipsilateral index finger and arm reaching movements. In 12 healthy subjects we delivered c TBS before repeated index finger abductions or arm reaching movements differing in complexity (reaching‐to‐grasp and reaching‐to‐point). We evaluated kinematic variables for index finger and arm reaching movements and changes in primary motor cortex ( M 1) activity tested with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Peak acceleration increased during motor practice for index finger abductions and reaching‐to‐grasp movements and persisted during motor retention. Peak acceleration decreased during motor practice for reaching‐to‐point movements and the decrease remained during motor retention. Cerebellar c TBS left the changes in peak acceleration during motor practice for index finger abductions and reaching‐to‐grasp arm movements unchanged but reduced peak acceleration at motor retention. Cerebellar c TBS prevented the decrease in peak acceleration for reaching‐to‐point movements during motor practice and at motor retention. Index finger abductions and arm reaching movements increased M 1 excitability. Cerebellar c TBS decreased the motor evoked potential ( MEP ) facilitation induced by index finger movements, but increased the MEP facilitation after reaching‐to‐grasp and reaching‐to‐point movements. Cerebellar stimulation prevents motor retention for index finger abductions, reaching‐to‐grasp and reaching‐to‐point movements and degrades motor practice only for reaching‐to‐point movements. Cerebellar c TBS alters practice‐related changes in M 1 excitability depending on how intensely the cerebellum contributes to the task. Changes in M 1 excitability reflect mechanisms of homeostatic plasticity elicited by the interaction of an ‘exogenous’ (c TBS ‐induced) and an ‘endogenous’ (motor practice‐induced) plasticity‐inducing protocol.