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Early clinical predictors of long‐term morbidity in major depressive disorder
Author(s) -
Serra Giulia,
Koukopoulos Athanasios,
De Chiara Lavinia,
Koukopoulos Alexia E.,
Sani Gabriele,
Tondo Leonardo,
Girardi Paolo,
Reginaldi Daniela,
Baldessarini Ross J.
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
early intervention in psychiatry
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.087
H-Index - 45
eISSN - 1751-7893
pISSN - 1751-7885
DOI - 10.1111/eip.12768
Subject(s) - anxiety , major depressive disorder , depressive symptoms , psychiatry , bivariate analysis , anxiety disorder , depression (economics) , psychology , clinical psychology , medicine , mood , statistics , mathematics , economics , macroeconomics
Aims To identify early clinical factors predictive of later morbidity in major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods We analysed factors associated with long‐term depressive morbidity (%‐time ill) between a first‐lifetime major depressive episode and last follow‐up of 116 adults diagnosed with DSM‐IV major depressive disorder. Bivariate comparisons were followed by multivariable linear regression modelling. Results Three factors were independently associated with an average of 25%‐time‐depressed over 17 years at risk: (a) agitated‐mixed, or psychotic features in initial major depressive episodes, (b) anxiety syndromes prior to a first‐lifetime major depressive episode, and (c) anxiety symptoms in childhood. Conclusion Early anxiety symptoms and syndromes and agitated‐mixed or psychotic initial depressive episodes predicted more long‐term depressive morbidity in MDD.