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Female‐biased sex ratio shifts in a solitary parasitoid and their effects on virginity, population dynamics, and biological control
Author(s) -
Wogin Michael J.,
Gillespie David R.,
Haye Tim,
Roitberg Bernard D.
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
entomologia experimentalis et applicata
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.765
H-Index - 83
eISSN - 1570-7458
pISSN - 0013-8703
DOI - 10.1111/eea.12009
Subject(s) - parasitoid , biology , sex ratio , population , virginity test , zoology , offspring , braconidae , hymenoptera , ecology , demography , genetics , pregnancy , sociology , political science , law
Mated female parasitic wasps can control the sex of their offspring by controlling which eggs are exposed to sperm. Females that have failed to mate, however, are restricted to producing only male offspring, as all their eggs are unfertilized. We incorporated the effects of these sometimes constrained, sometimes flexible parasitoid sex ratios into a basic N icholson– B ailey population model. We found that the less common case of an increasing female bias in response to competition can destabilize dynamics and have both positive and negative effects on host suppression. We also incorporated the effects of virginity due to a lack of males into the model. Virginity had stabilizing effects on parasitoid‐host population dynamics, and prevented runaway female bias in a parasitoid population. We found that the changes in host suppression caused by these new behaviours can be either positive or negative, and are highly dependent on the search efficiency of the parasitoid.