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Racial and ethnic inequities in the early distribution of U.S. COVID‐19 testing sites and mortality
Author(s) -
DalvaBaird Nathan P.,
Alobuia Wilson M.,
Bendavid Eran,
Bhattacharya Jay
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
european journal of clinical investigation
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.164
H-Index - 107
eISSN - 1365-2362
pISSN - 0014-2972
DOI - 10.1111/eci.13669
Subject(s) - demography , ethnic group , pandemic , confounding , medicine , health equity , population , epidemiology , covid-19 , gerontology , geography , public health , environmental health , disease , infectious disease (medical specialty) , pathology , sociology , anthropology , nursing
Background In 2020, early U.S. COVID‐19 testing sites offered diagnostic capacity to patients and were important sources of epidemiological data about the spread of the novel pandemic disease. However, little research has comprehensively described American testing sites’ distribution by race/ethnicity and sought to identify any relation to known disparities in COVID‐19 outcomes. Methods Locations of U.S. COVID‐19 testing sites were gathered from 16 April to 28 May 2020. Geographic testing disparities were evaluated with comparisons of the demographic makeup of zip codes around each testing site versus Monte Carlo simulations, aggregated to statewide and nationwide levels. State testing disparities were compared with statewide disparities in mortality observed one to 3 weeks later using multivariable regression, controlling for confounding disparities and characteristics. Results Nationwide, COVID‐19 testing sites geographically overrepresented White residents on 7 May, underrepresented Hispanic residents on 16 April, 7 May and 28 May and overrepresented Black residents on 28 May compared with random distribution within counties, with new sites added over time exhibiting inconsistent disparities for Black and Hispanic populations. For every 1 percentage point increase in underrepresentation of Hispanic populations in zip codes with testing, mortality among the state's Hispanic population was 1.04 percentage points more over‐representative (SE = 0.415, p = .01). Conclusions American testing sites were not distributed equitably by race during this analysis, often underrepresenting minority populations who bear a disproportionate burden of COVID‐19 cases and deaths. With an easy‐to‐implement measure of geographic disparity, these results provide empirical support for the consideration of access when distributing preventive resources.