Relative risks and odds ratios: Simple rules on when and how to use them

Aim Relative risks and odds ratios are widely reported in the medical literature, but can be very difficult to understand. We sought to further clarify these important indices. Methods We illustrated both relative risks and odds ratios using bar charts, then looked at the types of study for which each statistic is suited. We demonstrated calculation of relative risks and odds ratios through analysis of tabled data from a recent published longitudinal study, using a 2 × 2 table and R, the open‐source statistical programming language. Simple rules for when and how to use relative risks and odds ratios are presented. Conclusion Understanding the difference between relative risks and odds ratios and when and how to use them may aid clinical interpretation, dissemination and translation of research findings.