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Quantification and regulation of the adipokines resistin and progranulin in human cerebrospinal fluid
Author(s) -
Berghoff Martin,
Hochberg Alexandra,
Schmid Andreas,
Schlegel Jutta,
Karrasch Thomas,
Kaps Manfred,
Schäffler Andreas
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
european journal of clinical investigation
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.164
H-Index - 107
eISSN - 1365-2362
pISSN - 0014-2972
DOI - 10.1111/eci.12558
Subject(s) - resistin , adipokine , cerebrospinal fluid , medicine , endocrinology , inflammation , blood–brain barrier , pathophysiology , central nervous system , insulin resistance , obesity
Abstract Background Adipokines bearing the potential to cross the blood–brain barrier ( BBB ) are promising candidates for the endocrine regulation of central nervous processes and of a postulated fat‐brain axis. Resistin and progranulin concentrations in paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) samples of patients undergoing neurological evaluation and spinal puncture were investigated. Materials and Methods Samples of n = 270 consecutive patients with various neurological diseases were collected without prior selection. Adipokine serum and CSF concentrations were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and serum and CSF routine parameters by standard procedures. Anthropometric data, medication and patient history were available. Results Serum levels of resistin and progranulin were positively correlated among each other, with respective CSF levels, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and markers of systemic inflammation. CSF resistin concentrations were generally low. Progranulin CSF concentrations and CSF /serum progranulin ratio were significantly higher in patients with infectious diseases, with disturbed BBB function and with elevated CSF cell count and presence of oligoclonal bands. Both adipokines are able to cross the BBB depending on a differing patency that increases with increasing grade of barrier dysfunction. Whereas resistin represents a systemic marker of inflammation, CSF progranulin levels strongly depend on the underlying disease and dysfunction of blood– CSF barrier. Conclusions Resistin and progranulin represent novel and putative regulators of the fat‐brain axis by their ability to cross the BBB under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The presented data provide insight into the characteristics of BBB function regarding progranulin and resistin and the basis for future establishment of normal values for CSF concentrations and CSF /serum ratios.