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The case of the missing pulmonary vein: A focused update on anomalous pulmonary venous connection in congenital cardiovascular disease
Author(s) -
Han Frank,
Kiparizoska Sara,
Campbell William,
Richards Camille,
Kogon Brian,
Holloway Marlene,
Watson Connie,
Kerut Edmund K.,
McMullan Michael
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
echocardiography
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.404
H-Index - 62
eISSN - 1540-8175
pISSN - 0742-2822
DOI - 10.1111/echo.14490
Subject(s) - medicine , asymptomatic , cardiology , total anomalous pulmonary venous connection , heart disease , scimitar syndrome , cardiac magnetic resonance imaging , radiology , pulmonary hypertension , dilation (metric space) , right heart , magnetic resonance imaging , lung , mathematics , combinatorics
Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection is defined by one or more of the pulmonary veins draining to the heart into a location other than the left atrium. Depending on the location of the anomalous venous connection, they can be categorized as supracardiac, infracardiac, cardiac, and mixed types. In some cases, there is no hemodynamic consequence; in others, it can result in tricuspid regurgitation, right heart dilation, and pulmonary hypertension. Frequently, the reason for referral can be asymptomatic right heart dilation of unknown significance. Diagnosis is often difficult by transthoracic echocardiogram unless there is a high index of suspicion, and the appropriate views are obtained. Cardiac CT (computed tomography) or cardiac MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) can provide more precise anatomic detail as needed. The current article reviews the etiology and pathophysiology of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection, and also reviews the current knowledge on their treatment.