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Control of brain development and homeostasis by local and systemic insulin signalling
Author(s) -
Liu J.,
Spéder P.,
Brand A. H.
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.445
H-Index - 128
eISSN - 1463-1326
pISSN - 1462-8902
DOI - 10.1111/dom.12337
Subject(s) - insulin , paracrine signalling , neurogenesis , biology , autocrine signalling , energy homeostasis , homeostasis , medicine , subventricular zone , endocrinology , glucose homeostasis , neuroscience , microbiology and biotechnology , neural stem cell , stem cell , insulin resistance , receptor , biochemistry , obesity
Insulin and insulin‐like growth factors ( IGFs ) are important regulators of growth and metabolism. In both vertebrates and invertebrates, insulin/ IGFs are made available to various organs, including the brain, through two routes: the circulating systemic insulin/ IGFs act on distant organs via endocrine signalling, whereas insulin/ IGF ligands released by local tissues act in a paracrine or autocrine fashion. Although the mechanisms governing the secretion and action of systemic insulin/ IGF have been the focus of extensive investigation, the significance of locally derived insulin/ IGF has only more recently come to the fore. Local insulin/ IGF signalling is particularly important for the development and homeostasis of the central nervous system, which is insulated from the systemic environment by the blood–brain barrier. Local insulin/ IGF signalling from glial cells, the blood–brain barrier and the cerebrospinal fluid has emerged as a potent regulator of neurogenesis. This review will address the main sources of local insulin/ IGF and how they affect neurogenesis during development. In addition, we describe how local insulin/ IGF signalling couples neural stem cell proliferation with systemic energy state in Drosophila and in mammals.