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Glycaemic status and depressive symptoms among adults in Germany: results from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults ( DEGS 1)
Author(s) -
Weikert B.,
Buttery A. K.,
Heidemann C.,
Rieckmann N.,
Paprott R.,
Maske U. E.,
ScheidtNave C.,
Busch M. A.
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
diabetic medicine
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.474
H-Index - 145
eISSN - 1464-5491
pISSN - 0742-3071
DOI - 10.1111/dme.13707
Subject(s) - medicine , prediabetes , diabetes mellitus , patient health questionnaire , depression (economics) , odds ratio , population , cross sectional study , logistic regression , type 2 diabetes , depressive symptoms , endocrinology , macroeconomics , environmental health , pathology , economics
Aims To examine the association between glycaemic status and depressive symptoms in a nationwide sample of the adult population in Germany. Methods We conducted a cross‐sectional analysis of data from 6385 participants aged 18–79 years in the nationwide German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults 2008–2011 ( DEGS 1). Glycaemic status was classified as follows: diagnosed diabetes (self‐reported diagnosis or receiving antidiabetes medication); undiagnosed diabetes (HbA 1c ≥48 mmol/mol [≥6.5%]); prediabetes (HbA 1c 39–47 mmol/mol [5.7–6.4%]); or normoglycaemia (HbA 1c <39 mmol/mol [<5.7%]). Current depressive symptoms were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale ( PHQ ‐9) and defined as elevated depressive symptoms ( PHQ ‐9 score ≥10 points; dichotomous variable) and severity of depressive symptoms ( PHQ ‐9 score, range 0–27 points; continuous variable). Associations of glycaemic status and HbA 1c with both depressive symptoms variables were analysed using multivariable logistic (elevated depressive symptoms) and linear (severity of depressive symptoms) regression models. Results Compared with normoglycaemia, diagnosed diabetes, but not prediabetes or undiagnosed diabetes, was associated with elevated depressive symptoms (odds ratio 1.55, 95% CI 1.00–2.41) and severity of depressive symptoms (β coefficient 0.71, 95% CI 0.23–1.19) in models adjusting for sociodemographics and health behaviours. Associations were similar among people with diagnosed diabetes taking and not taking antidiabetes medication. Among people without diagnosed diabetes, no associations between HbA 1c and depressive symptoms were found. Conclusions Diagnosed diabetes, but not prediabetes, undiagnosed diabetes or HbA 1c , was associated with depressive symptoms among adults in Germany. Studies examining psychosocial and biological mechanisms that may potentially explain relationships between diagnosed diabetes and depressive symptoms are needed.