Use of non‐vitamin K oral anticoagulants in people with atrial fibrillation and diabetes mellitus

Aims To examine the efficacy and safety of non‐vitamin K oral anticoagulants in people with both atrial fibrillation and diabetes mellitus. Methods We reviewed efficacy and safety data from the warfarin‐controlled phase III non‐vitamin K oral anticoagulants trials ( ARISTOTLE , RE ‐ LY , ROCKET ‐ AF , ENGAGE AF ‐ TIMI 48) and their post hoc analyses with regard to diabetes status. We also reviewed the updated literature regarding this population. Results At baseline 20–40% of the participants in the phase III non‐vitamin K oral anticoagulants trials had diabetes mellitus at baseline. This population, in comparison with those without diabetes, was more likely to have other comorbidities, such as hypertension and coronary artery disease; thus, their cardiovascular risk was higher. Participants with diabetes had higher rates of stroke and systemic embolism than participants without diabetes. This risk was decreased using non‐vitamin K oral anticoagulants, with no significant interaction by diabetic status or the specific drug used. Overall, compared with warfarin, non‐vitamin K oral anticoagulants were safe and reduced the incidence of major bleeding in people with atrial fibrillation and diabetes, although the results varied with the different non‐vitamin K oral anticoagulants. Conclusions The efficacy and safety of non‐vitamin K oral anticoagulants compared with warfarin generally extend to participants with diabetes mellitus, although dedicated randomized trials or real‐world data are lacking.