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Effects of self‐monitoring of glucose on distress and self‐efficacy in people with non‐insulin‐treated Type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial
Author(s) -
Malanda U. L.,
Bot S. D. M.,
Kostense P. J.,
Snoek F. J.,
Dekker J. M.,
Nijpels G.
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
diabetic medicine
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.474
H-Index - 145
eISSN - 1464-5491
pISSN - 0742-3071
DOI - 10.1111/dme.12849
Subject(s) - medicine , diabetes mellitus , urine , confidence interval , insulin , randomized controlled trial , distress , self monitoring , type 2 diabetes , blood glucose monitoring , blood glucose self monitoring , type 1 diabetes , endocrinology , continuous glucose monitoring , psychology , social psychology , clinical psychology
Aims To investigate the effects of self‐monitoring of glucose in blood or urine, on diabetes‐specific distress and self‐efficacy, compared with usual care in people with non‐insulin‐treated Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods One hundred and eighty‐one participants with non‐insulin‐treated Type 2 diabetes mellitus [diabetes duration ≥ 1 year, age 45–75 years, HbA 1c ≥ 53.0 mmol/mol (7.0%), self‐monitoring frequency < 3 times in the previous year] were randomly assigned to blood self‐monitoring ( n = 60), urine self‐monitoring ( n = 59) or usual care ( n = 62). Primary outcomes were between‐group differences in diabetes‐specific distress [Problem Areas in Diabetes scale (PAID)] and self‐efficacy [Confidence in Diabetes Self‐Care questionnaire (CIDS–2)] after 12 months. Secondary outcomes included changes in HbA 1c , treatment satisfaction and depressive symptoms. Results There were no statistically significant between‐group differences in changes in PAID and CIDS‐2 after 12 months. Mean difference in PAID between blood monitoring and control was −2.2 [95% confidence interval (CI) −7.1 to 2.7], between urine monitoring and control was −0.9 (95% CI −4.4 to 2.5) and between blood monitoring and urine monitoring was −2.0 (95% CI −4.1 to 0.1). Mean difference in CIDS‐2 between blood monitoring and control was 0.6 [95% CI (−2.0 to 2.1), between urine monitoring and control was 2.8 (95% CI −2.3 to 7.9)] and between blood monitoring and urine monitoring was −3.3 (95% CI −7.9 to 1.3). No statistically significant between‐group differences in change in any of the secondary outcome measures were found. Conclusions This study did not find statistical or clinical evidence for a long‐term effect of self‐monitoring of glucose in blood or urine on diabetes‐specific distress and self‐efficacy in people with moderately controlled non‐insulin‐treated Type 2 diabetes mellitus. (Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN84568563)