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Self‐generated feedback to increase muscle activation in children
Author(s) -
B SARGENT,
J KUTCH,
J BERGGREN,
A DARRAGH,
K TANNER
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
developmental medicine and child neurology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.658
H-Index - 143
eISSN - 1469-8749
pISSN - 0012-1622
DOI - 10.1111/dmcn.17_12886
Subject(s) - physical medicine and rehabilitation , psychology , medicine
muscle using electrical stimulation guidance, ultrasound imaging was performed by an independent ultrasound trained radiologist to verify needle placement accuracy. The injector was informed if the needle tip was (1) within the target muscle, (2) touching the muscle fascia or (3) completely outside of the muscle. A research coordinator recorded the needle tip location. If the needle tip was not within the muscle it was repositioned before the BoNT was injected. The results were analyzed using frequency statistics to report the name of the muscle injected, the number of injection sites and the accuracy of needle tip placement. Results: A total of 490 BoNT injections were given. Twelve different lower limb muscles were included in the study with an overall accuracy rate of 98% (478/490). The accuracy rate in the most frequently injected muscles was: 98% (112/114) in the soleus muscle, 97% (100/103) in the medial hamstrings, 100% (70/70) in the hip adductors, 97% (66/68) medial head of gastrocnemius, and 91% (50/55) lateral head gastrocnemius. The least accurate rate for all injected muscles was 91% in the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle. The mean electrical current utilized during electrical stimulation was 2.84 1.9 mA. Conclusions/Significance: Electrical stimulation is an accurate method for lower extremity BoNT injection guidance in children with hypertonia.