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Neuromotor development in children. Part 4: new norms from 3 to 18 years
Author(s) -
Kakebeeke Tanja H,
Knaier Elisa,
Chaouch Aziz,
Caflisch Jon,
Rousson Valentin,
Largo Remo H,
Jenni Oskar G
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
developmental medicine and child neurology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.658
H-Index - 143
eISSN - 1469-8749
pISSN - 0012-1622
DOI - 10.1111/dmcn.13793
Subject(s) - normative , motor skill , balance (ability) , test (biology) , psychology , reliability (semiconductor) , physical medicine and rehabilitation , movement assessment , audiology , physical therapy , developmental psychology , medicine , paleontology , philosophy , power (physics) , physics , epistemology , quantum mechanics , biology
Aim The aim of this cross‐sectional study was to provide normative data for motor proficiency (motor performance and contralateral associated movements [ CAM s]) in typically developing children between 3 years and 18 years of age using an updated version of the Zurich Neuromotor Assessment ( ZNA ‐2). Method Six‐hundred and sixteen typically developing children between 3 years and 18 years of age were enrolled from day‐care centres, kindergartens, and schools, and were tested using the ZNA ‐2 with improved items of the original battery. Motor proficiency was assessed on five components (fine motor tasks, pure motor tasks, static balance, dynamic balance, and CAM s) as a function of age and sex to determine centile curves for each task. Intraobserver, interobserver, and test–retest reliabilities were evaluated. Results Most ZNA ‐2 tasks featured a marked developmental trend and substantial interindividual variability. Test–retest reliability was generally high (e.g. static balance 0.67; CAM s 0.81; and total scores 0.84). Interpretation The ZNA ‐2 is a reliable and updated test instrument to measure motor proficiency in children from 3 to 18 years with improved properties for assessing motor performance. It allows continuous measurement without changing items for the entire age range; this feature of the ZNA ‐2 is unique and makes the instrument suitable for clinical purposes. The reduction of CAMs scoring simplifies the clinical procedure and increases its reliability. What this paper adds The Zurich Neuromotor Assessment, Second Edition (ZNA‐2) provides new norms for motor proficiency in children between 3 years and 18 years. High reliabilities suggest that the revised test battery is a useful tool for assessing neuromotor development. Integration of a ‘not able to perform’ category makes the ZNA‐2 suitable for clinical purposes.