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Parenting stress, anxiety, and depression in mothers with visually impaired infants: a cross‐sectional and longitudinal cohort analysis
Author(s) -
Sakkalou Elena,
Sakki Hanna,
O'reilly Michelle A,
Salt Alison T,
Dale Naomi J
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
developmental medicine and child neurology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.658
H-Index - 143
eISSN - 1469-8749
pISSN - 0012-1622
DOI - 10.1111/dmcn.13633
Subject(s) - anxiety , depression (economics) , cross sectional study , cohort , psychology , cohort study , clinical psychology , stress (linguistics) , longitudinal study , medicine , developmental psychology , psychiatry , philosophy , pathology , economics , macroeconomics , linguistics
Aim This study examined cross‐sectional and longitudinal patterns of parenting stress, adult anxiety, and depression in mothers of children with profound or severe visual impairment ( PVI or SVI ) at 1 year and 2 years of age. Method Mothers of a national longitudinal cohort ( OPTIMUM Project) of infants with congenital disorders of the peripheral visual system and PVI (light perception at best) or SVI (basic ‘form’ vision of non‐light reflecting objects) participated. Infant age at baseline ( T 1 ) was 8 to 16 months. Mothers completed the Parenting Stress Index ‐ Short Form and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale at T 1 ( n =79) and at follow‐up 12 months later ( T 2 ) ( n =73). Results Mothers of the total group had higher parenting stress levels (34.6% in clinical range) than community normative data at T 1 ( p =0.017). Mothers of infants in the PVI subgroup had elevated stress at T 1 ( p =0.014) and T 2 ( p =0.009). The PVI subgroup was also elevated in the Difficult Child subscale at T 2 ( p =0.001). Within‐sample differences in parenting stress between the visual impairment subgroups were found at T 2 only: the PVI subgroup scored higher than the SVI subgroup ( p =0.029). Adult anxiety and depression in the total group were not elevated compared with community normative data at T 1 and T 2 ; however, higher parenting stress was related to raised adult anxiety and depression levels at T 1 and T 2 ( p =0.001). Regression analysis found parenting stress and lower child vision level ( T 1 ) predicted parenting stress ( T 2 ) ( p =0.001; 42% variance). Interpretation Mothers of 1‐year‐old infants with visual impairment showed raised risk for parenting stress, which continued to be elevated for children with PVI and those perceived as ‘difficult’ at 2 years. This was also a psychological risk, with greater adult anxiety and depression in those mothers with raised parenting stress. The clinical significance is that identification of parenting stress and targeted parenting, and behavioural support of the child in the first years of life is highly indicated. What this paper adds Mothers of infants with visual impairment are at increased risk of parenting stress. Parenting stress was higher in mothers of children with profound visual impairment than those with severe visual impairment. High levels of parenting stress and lower infant vision at 1 year of age predicted higher parenting stress at 2 years of age.