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Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorder are associated with lower socio‐economic status: findings from the A von L ongitudinal S tudy of P arents and C hildren cohort
Author(s) -
Miller Laura L,
Scharf Jeremiah M,
Mathews Carol A,
BenShlomo Yoav
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
developmental medicine and child neurology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.658
H-Index - 143
eISSN - 1469-8749
pISSN - 0012-1622
DOI - 10.1111/dmcn.12318
Subject(s) - tourette syndrome , psychology , odds ratio , psychopathology , tics , risk factor , autism spectrum disorder , longitudinal study , autism , population , psychiatry , cerebral palsy , confidence interval , pediatrics , medicine , environmental health , pathology
Aim Only a few studies have examined the relationship between T ourette syndrome or chronic tic disorder and socio‐economic status ( SES ). Existing studies are primarily cross‐sectional, arise from specialty clinics, and use single measures of SES . In this study we examine this relationship in a longitudinal, population‐based sample. Method Data are from 7152 children born during 1991 and 1992 in the county of Avon, UK , from the A von L ongitudinal S tudy of P arents and C hildren, who were followed up to age 13. After exclusions for intellectual disability* and autism, 6768 participants (3351 males [49.5%]) and 3417 females [50.5%]) remained. Parental SES was assessed using multiple measures during pregnancy and at 33 months of age. Presence of T ourette syndrome or chronic tics was determined from repeated maternal questionnaires up to when the child was 13 years of age. Results Multiple SES measures were associated with an approximately twofold increased risk of Tourette syndrome and chronic tics. A postnatal composite factor score (lowest vs highest tertile odds ratio 2.09, 95% confidence interval 1.38–3.47) provided the best fit to the data. Interpretations As is seen in several childhood conditions, such as cerebral palsy and autism, lower SES is a risk factor for T ourette syndrome/chronic tics. Potential explanations include differential exposure to environmental risk factors or parental psychopathology as a measure of an increased genetic risk leading to decreased parental SES .