Endoscopic management of acute cholangitis as a result of common bile duct stones

Acute cholangitis is infectious disease of the biliary system and potentially can cause significant morbidity and mortality. With advances in intensive care, antibiotic therapy advances and endoscopic and other modalities of biliary drainage, mortality rates have significantly come down of late. Although most cases respond to antibiotics alone, definitive therapy is required later in most of the patients. Increased biliary pressure leads to biliovenous reflux of bacteria and purulent bile into the circulation leading to systemic inflammation and sepsis with subsequent organ dysfunction. Biliary decompression increases antibiotic penetration in bile. Therefore, patients with high‐risk factors and organ dysfunction require early and urgent biliary drainage, respectively, as they are unlikely to respond with antibiotics alone. Biliary decompression is best achieved by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ( ERCP ) compared to percutaneous and surgical decompression. ERCP can be technically difficult and sometimes unsuccessful especially in patients with altered anatomy and upper gastrointestinal obstruction. Earlier percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage ( PTBD ) and surgery were the only viable options in those patients. PTBD requires a dilated biliary system, is more invasive and cannot achieve ductal clearance in cholangitis as a result of choledocholithiasis, whereas surgery is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Advances in therapeutic endoscopy such as balloon enteroscopy‐guided biliary drainage or endoscopic ultrasound guided‐biliary drainage have added new dimensions to endoscopic management of acute cholangitis as a result of choledocholithiasis obviating the need for more invasive procedures.