Open AccessRecent decline in suitable environmental conditions for A frican great apes
Author(s) -
Junker Jessica,
Blake Stephen,
Boesch Christophe,
Campbell Geneviève,
Toit Louwrens du,
Duvall Chris,
Ekobo Atanga,
Etoga Gilles,
GalatLuong Anh,
Gamys Joel,
GanasSwaray Jessica,
Gatti Sylvain,
Ghiurghi Andrea,
Granier Nicolas,
Hart John,
Head Josephine,
Herbinger Ilka,
Hicks Thurston Cleveland,
Huijbregts Bas,
Imong Inaoyom S.,
Kuempel Noëlle,
Lahm Sally,
Lindsell Jeremy,
Maisels Fiona,
McLennan Matthew,
Martinez Laura,
Morgan Bethan,
Morgan David,
Mulindahabi Felix,
Mundry Roger,
N'Goran Kouamé Paul,
Normand Emmanuelle,
Ntongho Anne,
Okon David Tiku,
Petre CharlesAlbert,
Plumptre Andrew,
Rainey Hugo,
Regnaut Sébastien,
Sanz Crickette,
Stokes Emma,
Tondossama Adama,
Tranquilli Sandra,
SunderlandGroves Jacqueline,
Walsh Peter,
Warren Ymke,
Williamson Elizabeth A.,
Kuehl Hjalmar S.
Publication year - 2012
Publication title -
diversity and distributions
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.918
H-Index - 118
eISSN - 1472-4642
pISSN - 1366-9516
DOI - 10.1111/ddi.12005
Subject(s) - geography , range (aeronautics) , ecology , fragmentation (computing) , demography , physical geography , biology , materials science , sociology , composite material
Abstract Aim To predict the distribution of suitable environmental conditions ( SEC ) for eight A frican great ape taxa for a first time period, the 1990s and then project it to a second time period, the 2000s; to assess the relative importance of factors influencing SEC distribution and to estimate rates of SEC loss, isolation and fragmentation over the last two decades. Location Twenty‐two A frican great ape range countries. Methods We extracted 15,051 presence localities collected between 1995 and 2010 from 68 different areas surveyed across the A frican ape range. We combined a maximum entropy algorithm and logistic regression to relate ape presence information to environmental and human impact variables from the 1990s with a resolution of 5 × 5 km across the entire ape range. We then made SEC projections for the 2000s using updated human impact variables. Results Total SEC area was approximately 2,015,480 and 1,807,653 km 2 in the 1990s and 2000s, respectively. Loss of predicted SEC appeared highest for Cross River gorillas (−59%), followed by eastern gorillas (−52%), western gorillas (−32%), bonobos (−29%), central chimpanzees (−17%) and western chimpanzees (−11%). SEC for N igeria‐ C ameroon chimpanzees and eastern chimpanzees was not greatly reduced. Except for C ross R iver and eastern gorillas, the number of SEC patches did not change significantly, suggesting that SEC loss was caused mainly by patch size reduction. Main conclusions The first continent‐wide perspective of A frican ape SEC distribution shows dramatic declines in recent years. The model has clear limitations for use at small geographic scales, given the quality of available data and the coarse resolution of predictions. However, at the large scale it has potential for informing international policymaking, mitigation of resource extraction and infrastructure development, as well as for spatial prioritization of conservation effort and evaluating conservation effectiveness.