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Understandings of the component causes of harm from cigarette smoking in Australia
Author(s) -
King Bill,
Borland Ron,
Yong HuaHie,
Gartner Coral,
Hammond David,
Lewandowsky Stephan,
O'Connor Richard
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
drug and alcohol review
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.018
H-Index - 74
eISSN - 1465-3362
pISSN - 0959-5236
DOI - 10.1111/dar.12995
Subject(s) - harm , nicotine , environmental health , affect (linguistics) , tobacco control , medicine , psychology , disease , social psychology , public health , psychiatry , pathology , communication
and Aims To investigate relationships between smoking‐related behaviours and knowledge of the disease risks of smoking and the causes of smoking harms, using a four‐way division of ‘component causes’: nicotine, other substances found in unburned tobacco, combustion products of tobacco and additives. Design and Methods The data were collected using an on‐line survey in Australia with 1047 participants in three groups; young non‐smokers (18 to 25), young smokers (18 to 25) and older smokers (26 and above). Results Most participants agreed that cancer and heart disease are major risks of smoking but only a quarter accurately quantified the mortality risk of lifetime daily smoking. Very few (two of 1047) correctly estimated the relative contributions of all four component causes. Post‐hoc analyses reinterpreting responses as expressions of relative concern about combustion products and nicotine showed that 29% of participants rated combustion products above nicotine. We delineated six relative concern segments, most of which had distinctive patterns of beliefs and actions. However, higher levels of concern about combustion products were only weakly positively associated with harm reducing beliefs and actions. Discussion and Conclusions Most smokers do not appear to understand the risks of smoking and their causes well enough to be able to think systematically about the courses of action open to them to reduce their health risk. To facilitate informed decision‐making, tobacco control communicators may need to better balance the dual aims of creating fear/negative affect about smoking and imparting knowledge about the health harms and their mechanisms.