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Do needle and syringe programs reduce risky behaviours among people who inject drugs in Kermanshah City, Iran? A coarsened exact matching approach
Author(s) -
Noroozi Mehdi,
Marshall Brandon D. L.,
Noroozi Alireza,
Armoon Bahram,
Sharifi Hamid,
Farhoudian Ali,
Ghiasvand Hesam,
Vameghi Meroe,
Rezaei Omid,
Sayadnasiri Mohammad,
Pouya Rokhsane Hosseini
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
drug and alcohol review
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.018
H-Index - 74
eISSN - 1465-3362
pISSN - 0959-5236
DOI - 10.1111/dar.12646
Subject(s) - syringe , medicine , snowball sampling , residence , confounding , confidence interval , odds ratio , demography , matching (statistics) , environmental health , psychiatry , pathology , sociology
and Aims In this study, we used a ‘coarsened exact matching’ method to evaluate the relationship between two levels of needle and syringe program (NSP) utilisation and HIV‐related risk behaviours among people who inject drugs (PWID). Design and Methods Using snowball sampling, we recruited 500 PWID (all male) in Kermanshah City, Iran between September and December 2014 in a cross‐sectional survey. We categorised participants into two groups, including high (i.e. receiving 60% or more of their syringes from an NSP) and low (i.e. receiving less than 60% of their syringes from NSP) NSP users. Then, we applied coarsened exact matching to match the two groups based on confounding covariates (age, place of residence, income, receiving methadone maintenance treatment) and made statistically equivalent comparison groups to estimate the effect of the NSP on injection risk behaviours. Results Participants with low NSP use were more likely to report borrowing syringes in past 2 months (odds ratio [OR] 1.71; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30, 1.86; P < 0.04), in comparison with participants with high NSP use. Regarding recent syringe lending, low NSP use was also significantly and positively associated with this outcome (OR 3.34; 95% CI 1.70, 5.20; P < 0.02). Reusing one's own syringe was reported more frequently in low NSP use group (OR 1.40; 95% CI 1.22, 3.97; P < 0.03). Discussion and Conclusions NSPs are a promising approach to reduce injection‐related risk behaviours among PWID in Kermanshah, Iran. Expanded coverage of high‐quality NSPs is recommended.