Report of 12 cases with tracheobronchial mucormycosis and a review

Objectives Tracheobronchial mucormycosis is a rare and invasive pulmonary mucormycosis involving the tracheobronchial tree. Data source At a 3500‐bed tertiary care center. Study Selection This was a retroactive study of 12 cases of tracheobronchial mucormycosis diagnosed in our hospital, and 48 cases that were previously reported in the English literature. Results Rhizopus was the predominant species of pathogen (66.7%). Primary bronchus was the most frequently involved location (38.2%), and upper lobes (51% of cases) were a predilection. Obstructive necrosis and mucosal necrosis were the most common pathological forms (40% and 34.5%, respectively). Fever (59.3%), cough (59.3%), dyspnea (40.7%) and hemoptysis (30.5%) were the most common symptoms. 51.4% patients had rales, 40% had moist rales and 28.6% had negative physical findings. Ninety‐five percent patients had immunosuppressive diseases. Diabetes mellitus (66.7%), diabetes ketoacidosis (21.7%), corticosteroid therapy (20%) and kidney insufficiency (18.3%) were the most common predisposing factors. 13.2% had neutropenia which was mostly among the non‐diabetic patients ( P  = .006). Endobronchial lesion of 23.2% had imaging reports with 33.9% exhibiting single mass. Pathological diagnosis of 76.7% used the transbronchial biopsy. The most frequent antifungal therapies were intravenous amphotericin B (79.7%), surgery (33.3%) and surgery combined with amphotericin B therapy (28.3%). Overall in‐hospital mortality was 52.5%, with hemoptysis ( P  = .017), dyspnea at presentation ( P  = .022) and angioinvasion ( P  = .03) as independent risk prognostic factors. In contrast, surgery ( P  = .003) was an independent protection prognostic factor. Conclusions Tracheobronchial mucormycosis is a rare but severe disease with high mortality because of its nonspecific clinical presentations and variable predisposing factors.