Proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells on scaffolds containing chitosan, calcium polyphosphate and pigeonite for bone tissue engineering

Objectives Treatment of critical‐sized bone defects with cells and biomaterials offers an efficient alternative to traditional bone grafts. Chitosan ( CS ) is a natural biopolymer that acts as a scaffold in bone tissue engineering ( BTE ). Polyphosphate (PolyP), recently identified as an inorganic polymer, acts as a potential bone morphogenetic material, whereas pigeonite (Pg) is a novel iron‐containing ceramic. In this study, we prepared and characterized scaffolds containing CS , calcium polyphosphate (Ca PP ) and Pg particles for bone formation in vitro and in vivo. Materials and methods Chitosan/Ca PP scaffolds and CS /Ca PP scaffolds containing varied concentrations of Pg particles (0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1%) were prepared and characterized by SEM , XRD , EDAX , FT ‐ IR , degradation, protein adsorption, mechanical strength and biomineralization studies. The cytocompatibility of these scaffolds with mouse mesenchymal stem cells ( mMSC s, C3H10T1/2) was determined by MTT assay and fluorescence staining. Cell proliferation on scaffolds was assessed using MUSE ™ (Merck‐Millipore, Germany) cell analyser. The effect of scaffolds on osteoblast differentiation at the cellular level was evaluated by Alizarin red ( AR ) and alkaline phosphatase ( ALP ) staining. At the molecular level, the expression of osteoblast differentiation marker genes such as Runt‐related transcription factor‐2 ( Runx2 ), ALP , type I collagen‐1 ( Col‐I ) and osteocalcin ( OC ) was determined by real‐time reverse transcriptase ( RT ‐ PCR ) analysis. Bone regeneration was assessed by X‐ray radiographs, SEM and EDAX analyses, and histological staining such as haematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson's trichrome staining ( MTS ) in a rat critical‐sized tibial defect model system. Results The inclusion of iron‐containing Pg particles at 0.25% concentration in CS /Ca PP scaffolds showed enhanced bioactivity by protein adsorption and biomineralization, compared with that shown by CS /Ca PP scaffolds alone. Increased proliferation of mMSC s was observed with CS /Ca PP /Pg scaffolds compared with control and CS /Ca PP scaffolds. Increase in cell proliferation was accompanied by G0/G1 to G2/M phase transition with increased levels of cyclin(s) A, B and C. Pg particles in CS /Ca PP scaffolds enhanced osteoblast differentiation at the cellular and molecular levels, as evidenced by increased calcium deposits, ALP activity and expression of osteoblast marker genes. In vivo implantation of scaffolds in rat critical‐sized tibial defects displayed accelerated bone formation after 8 weeks. Conclusion The current findings indicate that CS /Ca PP scaffolds containing iron‐containing Pg particles serve as an appropriate template to support proliferation and differentiation of MSC s to osteoblasts in vitro and bone formation in vivo and thus support their candidature for BTE applications.