Open AccessSmart Protected Area Placement Decelerates Biodiversity Loss: A Representation‐extinction Feedback Leads Rare Species to Extinction
Author(s) -
Akasaka Munemitsu,
Kadoya Taku,
Ishihama Fumiko,
Fujita Taku,
Fuller Richard A.
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
conservation letters
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.153
H-Index - 79
ISSN - 1755-263X
DOI - 10.1111/conl.12302
Subject(s) - extinction (optical mineralogy) , threatened species , biodiversity , extinction debt , ecology , extinction event , representation (politics) , feedback loop , environmental science , geography , environmental resource management , biology , computer science , habitat destruction , habitat , biological dispersal , political science , computer security , paleontology , population , demography , sociology , politics , law
Protected areas (PAs) spearhead global conservation efforts, but it has been repeatedly demonstrated that narrowly distributed species are more likely to be unrepresented in PAs. This means that where local extinctions are more likely outside PAs, a positive feedback loop could render PAs largely ineffective in decelerating extinctions, even where PAs effectively abate threats. Here we empirically test the elements of this feedback loop using distribution data for 1,572 threatened plants in Japan. Narrowly distributed species were indeed less likely to overlap PAs than widespread species, and local extinction rates for unprotected populations over 15 years were 1.5 times higher than those inside PAs. A simulation model showed that new PAs will substantially reduce extinction risk for widespread species, but not for narrowly distributed species, unless they are placed very precisely in the landscape. Our results suggest that a representation‐extinction feedback will limit the effectiveness of PAs in preventing extinctions unless PA placement is carefully targeted.