Open AccessNegative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: Where We have been and Where We are Heading
Author(s) -
Azorin JeanMichel,
Belzeaux Raoul,
Adida Marc
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
cns neuroscience and therapeutics
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.403
H-Index - 69
eISSN - 1755-5949
pISSN - 1755-5930
DOI - 10.1111/cns.12292
Subject(s) - schizophrenia (object oriented programming) , amotivation , psychology , neuropsychiatry , clinical psychology , confirmatory factor analysis , psychiatry , structural equation modeling , intrinsic motivation , social psychology , statistics , mathematics
Summary This review traces the history of negative symptom profiles in neuropsychiatry from their earliest emergence in the 19th century to the current psychiatric concepts and therapeutic approaches. Recent investigations performing exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis have suggested that negative symptoms are multidimensional, including evidence for at least two distinct negative symptom subdomains: diminished expression and amotivation. Preliminary studies have demonstrated the clinical validity of this distinction. Several potential pathophysiological validating factors based on brain imaging analysis of emotional experiences and expressions in individuals with schizophrenia are examined. Finally, the potential of different treatment strategies, including medications and various psychotherapeutic techniques, to most favorably treat each of these subdomains is discussed.