Open AccessModerate Hypothermia Inhibits Brain Inflammation and Attenuates Stroke‐Induced Immunodepression in Rats
Author(s) -
Gu LiJuan,
Xiong XiaoXing,
Ito Takashi,
Lee Jessica,
Xu BaoHui,
Krams Sheri,
Steinberg Gary K.,
Zhao Heng
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
cns neuroscience and therapeutics
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.403
H-Index - 69
eISSN - 1755-5949
pISSN - 1755-5930
DOI - 10.1111/cns.12160
Subject(s) - hypothermia , medicine , inflammation , brain ischemia , microglia , proinflammatory cytokine , in vivo , stroke (engine) , immune system , immunology , ischemia , pharmacology , anesthesia , biology , mechanical engineering , microbiology and biotechnology , engineering
Summary Aims Stroke causes both brain inflammation and immunodepression. Mild‐to‐moderate hypothermia is known to attenuate brain inflammation, but its role in stroke‐induced immunodepression ( SIID ) of the peripheral immune system remains unknown. This study investigated the effects in rats of moderate intra‐ischemic hypothermia on SIID and brain inflammation. Methods Stroke was induced in rats by permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion combined with transient bilateral common carotid artery occlusion, while body temperature was reduced to 30°C. Real‐time PCR , flow cytometry, in vitro T‐cell proliferation assays, in vivo delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction and confocal microscopy were used to study SIID and brain inflammation. Results Brief intra‐ischemic hypothermia helped maintain certain leukocytes in the peripheral blood and spleen and enhanced T‐cell proliferation in vitro and delayed‐type hypersensitivity in vivo , suggesting that hypothermia reduces SIID . In contrast, in the brain, brief intra‐Ischemic hypothermia inhibited m RNA expression of anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL ‐10 and proinflammatory mediators INF ‐γ, TNF ‐α, IL ‐2, IL ‐1β and MIP ‐2. Brief intra‐Ischemic hypothermia also attenuated the infiltration of lymphocytes, neutrophils ( MPO + cells) and macrophages ( CD 68 + cells) into the ischemic brain, suggesting that hypothermia inhibited brain inflammation. Conclusions Brief intra‐ischemic hypothermia attenuated SIID and protected against acute brain inflammation.