Cytokine and microbial profiles in relation to the clinical outcome following treatment of peri‐implantitis

Aim To study whether cytokine levels and bacterial counts in p atients with peri‐implantitis reflect clinical treatment outcome following non‐surgical management. Materials and Methods Luminex magnet bead technology and checkerboard DNA – DNA hybridization were used to assess treatment outcome after treatment at the implant with the most severe peri‐implantitis in 41 participants. Results Study group mean age was 40.3 years (SD ± 9.9). Stable treatment outcome after 6 months (no further bone loss, probing pocket depth decrease ≥0.5 mm, no bleeding/suppuration) was identified in 9 of 41 (22%) participants. Peri‐implant crevicular fluid ( PICF ) levels were also lower for Il‐1β ( P  < 0.01), and with trends of lower cytokine levels in PICF for TNF ‐α ( P  = 0.071), PDGFBB ( P  = 0.071), as well as for VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) ( P  = 0.071), and bacterial counts for Actinomyces israelii , Aggregatibacter actonomycetemcomitans (Y4), Campylobacter gracilis , Echerichia coli , Fusobacterium periodonticum, Leptotrichia buccalis, Parvimonas micra, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Streptococcus anginosus, and Tannerella forsythia . Increasing levels of IL ‐1 β and S. aureus ( r 2  = 0.856) were found only at implants with non‐stable outcome. A reduction of PICF levels for selected cytokines and bacteria studied had a sensitivity of 0.77, and a specificity of 0.80 against the clinical outcome as gold standard. Data analysis failed to differences in treatments (PerioFlow ® versus YAG : ER laser) for changes in the expression of cytokines and bacteria studied. Conclusions At 6 months, clinically stable treatment outcome of peri‐implantitis is associated lower levels of putative pathogens total bacterial load with ≥30% reduction of IL 1‐β, L‐6, and VEGF levels in PICF .