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Evolution of attachment structures in the highly diverse A cercaria ( H exapoda)
Author(s) -
Friedemann Katrin,
Spangenberg Rico,
Yoshizawa Kazunori,
Beutel Rolf G.
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
cladistics
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.323
H-Index - 92
eISSN - 1096-0031
pISSN - 0748-3007
DOI - 10.1111/cla.12030
Subject(s) - biology , hemiptera , monophyly , sister group , heteroptera , cladistics , zoology , evolutionary biology , botany , anatomy , phylogenetics , clade , genetics , gene
Acercaria display an unusually broad array of adhesive devices occurring on different parts of the legs. Attachment structures of all major subgroups are described and illustrated. Nineteen characters of the distal leg region were combined with a data matrix containing 99 additional morphological characters of different body parts. The results of the cladistic analysis are largely congruent with current hypotheses. Zoraptera are not retrieved as close relatives of A cercaria. The monophyly of the entire lineage and of the major subgroups P socodea, P hthiraptera, and H emiptera is confirmed. Our data also support the monophyly of A uchenorrhycha and a sister‐group relationship between T hysanoptera and H emiptera ( C ondylognatha). In contrast to other lineages of insects, the hairy type of adhesive device is present only in one group within the A cercaria ( H eteroptera, C imicomorpha). The arolium is present in the groundplan but missing in several groups (e.g. P socodea, C icadoidea, A phidoidea). Pretarsal pulvilli evolved several times independently. Tarsal euplantulae and different specialized clasping devices have evolved within P hthiraptera, whereas pretarsal attachment devices are missing in this ectoparasitic group. The potential to modify pretarsal attachment devices in their structural details has probably contributed to the very successful diversification of the predominantly phytophagous H emiptera.