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Peri‐implant soft tissue status and crestal bone loss around immediately‐loaded narrow‐diameter implants placed in cigarette‐smokers: 6‐year follow‐up results
Author(s) -
Alghamdi Osama,
Alrabiah Mohammed,
AlHamoudi Nawwaf,
AlKindi Mohammed,
Vohra Fahim,
Abduljabbar Tariq
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
clinical implant dentistry and related research
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.338
H-Index - 85
eISSN - 1708-8208
pISSN - 1523-0899
DOI - 10.1111/cid.12893
Subject(s) - medicine , implant , dentistry , soft tissue , peri , cigarette smoking , dental alveolus , surgery
Background It is hypothesized that in the long‐term, soft tissue inflammation (reflected by increased scores of peri‐implant probing‐depth [PD]) and crestal bone loss (CBL) is higher in cigarette‐smoker than nonsmokers with narrow diameter implants (NDIs). Purpose The aim of the present 6‐years' follow‐up clinical observational study was to compare the peri‐implant soft tissue inflammatory parameters (plaque index [PI], gingival index [GI], and PD) and CBL around immediately‐loaded NDIs placed in cigarette‐smokers and nonsmokers. Materials and methods In all groups, peri‐implant GI, PI and PD were measured on six sites (distolingual/palatal, mesiolingual/palatal mesiobuccal, distobuccal, midlingual/palatal, and midbuccal) per implant. The CBL was gauged on digital bitewing x‐rays, which were standardized using the long cone paralleling technique. CBL was demarcated as the vertical distance from 2 mm below the implant‐abutment connection to the most crestally‐positioned alveolar bone. Results All study‐participants were male. Twenty‐six cigarette smokers and twenty‐five nonsmokers were included. The mean age of cigarette‐smokers and nonsmokers was 45.5 ± 10.3 and 47.4 ± 9.4 years, respectively. Cigarette‐smokers had a smoking history of 10.6 ± 0.4 pack years. Family history of tobacco usage was more often reported by cigarette‐smokers (57.7%) than nonsmokers (20%). All cigarette‐smokers and nonsmokers were aware that smoking is a risk‐factor of loss of implant. Three (11.5%) of cigarette‐smokers reported that they have attempted to quit smoking and 76.9% of cigarette‐smokers (n = 20) reported that they had no intention to quit smoking in the future. The peri‐implant P‐I ( P < .01), PD ( P < .01) and mesial ( P < .01), and distal ( P < .01) CBL were significantly high in cigarette‐smokers compared with nonsmokers. There was no statistically significant difference in GI among the groups. Conclusion Cigarette‐smoking enhances peri‐implant soft tissue inflammation and increases CBL around immediately‐loaded NDIs.