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Developmental mechanisms of the tympanic membrane in mammals and non‐mammalian amniotes
Author(s) -
Takechi Masaki,
Kitazawa Taro,
Hirasawa Tatsuya,
Hirai Tamami,
Iseki Sachiko,
Kurihara Hiroki,
Kuratani Shigeru
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
congenital anomalies
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
eISSN - 1741-4520
pISSN - 0914-3505
DOI - 10.1111/cga.12132
Subject(s) - biology , mesenchyme , ectoderm , anatomy , endoderm , microbiology and biotechnology , developmental biology , morphogenesis , mesenchymal stem cell , embryogenesis , embryo , cellular differentiation , genetics , gene
The tympanic membrane is a thin layer that originates from the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesenchyme. Molecular‐genetic investigations have revealed that interaction between epithelial and mesenchymal cells in the pharyngeal arches is essential for development of the tympanic membrane. We have recently reported that developmental mechanisms underlying the tympanic membrane seem to be different between mouse and chicken, suggesting that the tympanic membrane evolved independently in mammals and non‐mammalian amniotes. In this review, we summarize previous studies of tympanic membrane formation in the mouse. We also discuss its formation in amniotes from an evolutionary point of view.