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Abnormal linear growth in paediatric adrenal diseases: Pathogenesis, prevalence and management
Author(s) -
Minnetti Marianna,
Caiulo Silvana,
Ferrigno Rosario,
BaldiniFerroli Barbara,
Bottaro Giorgia,
Gianfrilli Daniele,
Sbardella Emilia,
De Martino Maria Cristina,
Savage Martin O.
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
clinical endocrinology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.055
H-Index - 147
eISSN - 1365-2265
pISSN - 0300-0664
DOI - 10.1111/cen.14131
Subject(s) - adrenarche , endocrinology , medicine , linear growth , congenital adrenal hyperplasia , disturbance (geology) , stunted growth , hormone , biology , malnutrition , paleontology , mathematics
Abstract Abnormal adrenal function can interfere with linear growth, potentially causing either acceleration or impairment of growth in paediatric patients. These abnormalities can be caused by direct effects of adrenal hormones, particularly glucocorticoids and sex steroids, or be mediated by indirect mechanisms such as the disturbance of the growth hormone‐insulin‐like growth factor‐1 axis and aromatization of androgens to oestrogens. The early diagnosis and optimal treatment of adrenal disorders can prevent or minimize growth disturbance and facilitate improved height gain. Mechanisms of growth disturbance in the following abnormal states will be discussed; hypercortisolaemia, hyperandrogenaemia and obesity. Prevalence and features of growth disturbance will be discussed in ACTH‐dependent and ACTH‐independent Cushing's syndrome, adrenocortical tumours, premature adrenarche, congenital adrenal hyperplasia and adrenal insufficiency disorders. Recommendations for management have been included.