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Association between serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D and serum sex steroid hormones among men in NHANES
Author(s) -
Anic Gabriella M.,
Albanes Demetrius,
Rohrmann Sabine,
Kanarek Norma,
Nelson William G.,
Bradwin Gary,
Rifai Nader,
McGlynn Katherine A.,
Platz Elizabeth A.,
Mondul Alison M.
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
clinical endocrinology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.055
H-Index - 147
eISSN - 1365-2265
pISSN - 0300-0664
DOI - 10.1111/cen.13062
Subject(s) - national health and nutrition examination survey , medicine , sex hormone binding globulin , endocrinology , vitamin d and neurology , testosterone (patch) , hormone , prostate cancer , body mass index , confidence interval , androgen , population , cancer , environmental health
Summary Background Recent literature suggests that high circulating vitamin D may increase prostate cancer risk. Although the mechanism through which vitamin D may increase risk is unknown, vitamin D concentration could influence circulating sex steroid hormones that may be associated with prostate cancer; an alternate explanation is that it could be associated with prostate‐specific antigen ( PSA ) concentration causing detection bias. Objective We examined whether serum vitamin D concentration was associated with sex steroid hormone and PSA concentrations in a cross‐sectional analysis of men in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys ( NHANES ). Design Testosterone, oestradiol, sex hormone‐binding globulin ( SHBG ), androstanediol glucuronide, and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25( OH )D) were measured in serum from men aged 20 and older participating in NHANES III ( n = 1315) and NHANES 2001–2004 ( n = 318). Hormone concentrations were compared across 25( OH )D quintiles, adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, body fat percentage, and smoking. PSA concentration was estimated by 25( OH )D quintile in 4013 men from NHANES 2001–2006. Results In NHANES III , higher testosterone (quintile (Q) 1 = 17·2, 95% confidence interval ( CI ) = 16·1–18·6; Q5 = 19·6, 95% CI = 18·7–20·6 nmol/l, P ‐trend = 0·0002) and SHBG (Q1 = 33·8, 95% CI = 30·8–37·0; Q5 = 38·4, 95% CI = 35·8–41·2 nmol/l, P ‐trend = 0·0005) were observed with increasing 25( OH )D. Similar results were observed in NHANES 2001–2004. PSA concentration was not associated with serum 25( OH )D ( P ‐trend = 0·34). Conclusion Results from these nationally representative studies support a positive association between serum 25( OH )D and testosterone and SHBG . The findings support an indirect mechanism through which vitamin D may increase prostate cancer risk, and suggest the link to prostate cancer is not due to PSA ‐detection bias.