F orkhead box protein 3 + regulatory T cells and H elios + subset in perinatally acquired HIV

Summary F orkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) + regulatory T cells ( T regs ) are important not only in regulating the development of autoimmune conditions, but also in chronic infectious diseases. Given their cardinal function in suppressing immune activation, research has focused upon whether they play a detrimental role in chronic infections, particularly HIV . While the role of T regs in HIV has been investigated intensively, it remains an unresolved topic. However, it is generally accepted that T regs are susceptible to HIV infection and are preferentially preserved over conventional CD4 + T cells. It is unknown whether the peripheral‐induced or the thymic‐derived T regs are more susceptible to HIV cytotoxicity. It has been recognized that T regs can be segregated into two subsets based on H elios expression, with the vast majority being H elios + . This study examines the impact of HIV infection on total T regs and their H elios subsets in a perinatal‐acquired HIV ‐infected paediatric population. The finding indicates a selective expansion or survival of T regs in association with CD4 depletion and increased viraemia. The H elios + and H elios − subsets within T regs appear to be equally affected. However, the H elios + T regs seem to be more preserved in patients with low CD4 +  ≤ 25% and detectable plasma HIV RNA >20 copies/ml. In this group, the frequencies of T regs are increased, but their numbers appear insufficient to restrain immune activation. In conclusion, our findings suggest that both H elios subsets of T regs are susceptible to HIV infection and are preferentially preserved compared to conventional CD4 + T cells.