Angiotensin II in inflammation, immunity and rheumatoid arthritis

Summary Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that is characterized by increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, independent of the traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Although classically known for its role in the regulation of circulatory homeostasis, angiotensin II ( A ng II ) is recognized to act as a powerful proinflammatory mediator. Some research has showed that A ng II plays important roles in autoimmune diseases, including RA , systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. A ng II blockers prove effective in reducing inflammation and autoimmunity in rheumatic diseases and their relative safety, together with their effects for reducing the cardiovascular disease risk, suggest that A ng II blockers may at least act as effective adjunctive therapy for disease control in patients with RA . The present review focuses systematically on the potential impact of A ng II and its receptors on inflammation and immunomodulation in patients with RA .