Cytomegalovirus drives V δ2 neg γδ T cell inflation in many healthy virus carriers with increasing age

Summary Cytomegalovirus ( CMV ) usually causes lifelong asymptomatic infection, but over time can distort immune profiles. Recent reports describe selective expansion of V δ2 neg γδ T cells in healthy and immunocompromised CMV carriers. Having shown previously that virus‐specific CD 8 + and CD 4 + T cell responses are increased significantly in elderly CMV carriers, probably driven by chronic stimulation, we hypothesized that V δ2 neg γδ T cells may also be expanded with age. Our results show that V δ2 neg γδ T cells are increased significantly in CMV ‐seropositive healthy individuals compared to CMV ‐seronegative controls in all age groups. The differences were most significant in older age groups ( P  < 0·0001). Furthermore, while V δ2 neg γδ T ‐ cells comprise both naive and memory cells in CMV ‐seronegative donors, highly differentiated effector memory cells are the dominant phenotype in CMV carriers, with naive cells reduced significantly in numbers in CMV ‐seropositive elderly. Although phenotypically resembling conventional CMV ‐specific T cells, V δ2 neg γδ T cells do not correlate with changes in magnitude of CMV ‐specific CD 4 + or CD 8 + T cell frequencies within those individuals, and do not possess ex‐vivo immediate effector function as shown by CMV ‐specific CD 4 + and CD 8 + T cells. However, after short‐term culture, V δ2 neg γδ T cells demonstrate effector T cell functions, suggesting additional requirements for activation. In summary, V δ2 neg γδ T cells are expanded in many older CMV carriers, demonstrating a further level of lymphocyte subset skewing by CMV in healthy individuals. As others have reported shared reactivity of V δ2 neg γδ T cells towards tumour cells, the composition of γδ T cell subsets may also have implications for risk of developing cancer in elderly people.