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Exogenous factors in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis: Irritants and cutaneous infections
Author(s) -
Yue Hainan,
Umehara Yoshie,
TrujilloPaez Juan Valentin,
Peng Ge,
Nguyen Hai Le Thanh,
Chieosilapatham Panjit,
Kiatsuraya Chanisa,
Song Pu,
Okumura Ko,
Ogawa Hideoki,
Ikeda Shigaku,
Niyonsaba François
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
clinical and experimental allergy
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.462
H-Index - 154
eISSN - 1365-2222
pISSN - 0954-7894
DOI - 10.1111/cea.13820
Subject(s) - atopic dermatitis , immunology , pathogenesis , medicine , disease , allergy , etiology , genetic predisposition , asthma , provocation test , immune system , microbiome , dermatology , bioinformatics , biology , pathology , alternative medicine
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory cutaneous disease that is often associated with other atopic symptoms, such as food allergy, allergic rhinitis and asthma, leading to significant morbidity and healthcare costs. The pathogenesis of AD is complicated and multifactorial. Although the aetiology of AD remains incompletely understood, recent studies have provided further insight into AD pathophysiology, demonstrating that the interaction among genetic predisposition, immune dysfunction and environmental provocation factors contributes to its development. However, the increasing prevalence of AD suggests that environmental factors such as irritation and cutaneous infection play a crucial role in triggering and/or aggravating the disease. Of note, AD skin is susceptible to bacterial, fungal and viral infections, and microorganisms may colonize the skin and aggravate AD symptoms. Overall, understanding the mechanisms by which these risk factors affect the cutaneous immunity of patients with AD is of great importance for developing a precision medicine approach for treatment. This review summarizes recent developments in exogenous factors involved in the pathogenesis of AD, with special emphasis on irritants and microbial infections.