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Fluoride intake from fluids and urinary fluoride excretion by young children in K uwait: a non‐fluoridated community
Author(s) -
Akpata Enosakhare S.,
Behbehani Jawad,
Akbar Jaber,
Thalib Lukman,
Mojiminiyi Olusegun
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
community dentistry and oral epidemiology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.061
H-Index - 101
eISSN - 1600-0528
pISSN - 0301-5661
DOI - 10.1111/cdoe.12081
Subject(s) - fluoride , medicine , tap water , ingestion , excretion , fluid intake , dental fluorosis , bottled water , zoology , urine , dietary reference intake , water fluoridation , endocrinology , chemistry , nutrient , environmental engineering , environmental science , inorganic chemistry , organic chemistry , biology
Objectives To determine the pattern of fluid consumption, fluoride intake from the fluids and urinary fluoride excretion by children aged 1–9 years in K uwait, a nonfluoridated community. Methods Using the cluster sampling technique, children aged 1–9 years were chosen from 2000 randomly selected households in K uwait. Questionnaires were then administered to their mothers to determine the children's daily fluid intake. Fluoride concentrations in tap water as well as all brands of bottled water and beverages consumed by the children were measured, using the fluoride ion‐specific electrode. Fluoride excretion was determined in 400 randomly selected children, based on fluoride/creatinine ratio. Results The mean daily fluid consumption by the children was high, being 1115–1545 ml. About 40% of the fluid intake was plain (tap and bottled) water and approximately 10% of the children drank bottled water exclusively. Fluoride concentration in tap water was low (0.04 ± SD 0.02 ppm), but was higher in bottled water (0.28 ± SD 0.40 ppm). Mean daily fluoride ingestion from fluids was 0.013–0.018 mg/kg body weight (bw). Even after allowing for fluoride ingestion from other sources, mean daily fluoride ingestion was still below 0.1 mg/kg bw set by the U nited S tates of A merica I nstitute of M edicine as the lowest‐observed‐adverse‐effect level for moderate enamel fluorosis in children aged up to 8 years. Furthermore, the mean daily urinary fluoride excretion of 128–220 μg was below the provisional standard of 360–480 μg for optimal fluoride usage by children aged 3–5 years. Conclusion Fluoride ingestion from fluids and urinary fluoride excretion by the children were below the recommendations for optimal fluoride usage. Thus, there is room for an upward adjustment of fluoride level in public drinking water supplies in K uwait, as a caries preventive measure.