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Adolescent Perceptions of Parental Privacy Invasion and Adolescent Secrecy: An Illustration of Simpson's Paradox
Author(s) -
Dietvorst Evelien,
Hiemstra Marieke,
Hillegers Ma H.J.,
Keijsers Loes
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
child development
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.103
H-Index - 257
eISSN - 1467-8624
pISSN - 0009-3920
DOI - 10.1111/cdev.13002
Subject(s) - secrecy , psychology , confounding , perception , social psychology , developmental psychology , computer security , medicine , computer science , pathology , neuroscience
Adolescents’ secrecy is intertwined with perception of parents’ behaviors as acts of privacy invasion. It is currently untested, however, how this transactional process operates at the within‐person level—where these causal processes take place. Dutch adolescents ( n = 244, M age = 13.84, 38.50% boys) reported three times on perceived parental privacy invasion and secrecy. Cross‐lagged panel models (CLPM) confirmed earlier findings. Privacy invasion predicted increased secrecy, but a reverse effect was found from increased secrecy to increased privacy invasion. Controlling for confounding positive group‐level associations with a novel random intercept CLPM, negative within‐person associations were found. Higher levels of secrecy predicted lower levels of privacy invasive behaviors at the within‐person level. These opposing findings within‐ versus between‐persons illustrate a Simpson's paradox.