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Genetic Syndromes and Developmental Risk for Autism Spectrum and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders: Insights From Fragile X Syndrome
Author(s) -
Doherty Brianna R.,
Scerif Gaia
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
child development perspectives
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3
H-Index - 71
eISSN - 1750-8606
pISSN - 1750-8592
DOI - 10.1111/cdep.12227
Subject(s) - fragile x syndrome , autism spectrum disorder , psychology , comorbidity , autism , intellectual disability , attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , context (archaeology) , developmental psychology , pervasive developmental disorder , clinical psychology , psychiatry , paleontology , biology
Many genetic markers are associated with atypical developmental outcomes. In this article, we review evidence from studies on the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability, fragile X syndrome ( FXS ). We aim to highlight general developmental consequences as well as specific implications for autism spectrum disorder ( ASD ) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ), including the complexity of characterizing ASD and ADHD symptoms in FXS . We address three issues: First, links among genes, brain, and cognition need to be situated in a developmental context, even in a monogenic disorder like FXS . Second, the comparatively early age of diagnosis of FXS offers the opportunity to study developmental trajectories of risk and resilience for a complex, behaviorally defined disorder highly associated with FXS but diagnosed later: ASD . Third, the high occurrence of both ASD and ADHD in FXS allows for a novel investigation of their comorbidity, with important caveats.