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There is evidence that radiation exposure is a causative factor of myelodysplastic syndromes ( MDS ). However, little is known about whether radiation exposure is also a prognostic factor of  MDS . We investigated the impact of radiation exposure on the prognosis of  MDS  in Nagasaki atomic bomb survivors using the International Prognostic Scoring System ( IPSS ) and the revised version ( IPSS ‐R). Subjects were 140 patients with primary  MDS  diagnosed between 1985 and 2011 and evaluable for  IPSS ,  IPSS ‐R, and exposure distance. Of those, 31 were exposed at <1.5 km, 35 at 1.5–2.99 km, and 74 at ≥3.0 km. By the end of March 2014, 47 patients (34%) progressed to overt leukemia and 106 (75.7%) died. By comparing with patients exposed at ≥3.0 km, those exposed at <1.5 km had significantly higher frequencies of abnormal chromosome ( P  = 0.02), intermediate/poor  IPSS , and intermediate/poor/very poor  IPSS ‐R cytogenetic category ( P  = 0.0001, and  P  < 0.0001, respectively). As with de novo  MDS , multivariate Cox regression analyses revealed that cytogenetic abnormalities,  IPSS  karyotype, and  IPSS ‐R cytogenetics were significantly associated with poor survival, and cumulative incidence of leukemic transformation in  MDS  among atomic bomb survivors, but exposure distance was not associated with any poor outcomes. These suggest that exposure to the greater dose of atomic bomb radiation is associated with developing poor cytogenetic abnormalities in  MDS , which might consequently lead to overt leukemia among atomic bomb survivors.

Clinical features and prognosis of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes who were exposed to atomic bomb radiation in Nagasaki