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Macrophage inhibitory factor 1 ( MIC 1) is frequently altered in various cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of  MIC 1 for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma ( ESCC ). Serum  MIC 1 of 286  ESCC  and 250 healthy subjects was detected, the diagnostic performance was assessed and compared with  SCC ,  CEA ,  CA 199 and  CA 724, and the value as a prognostic indicator was also evaluated. The expression of  MIC 1 in  ESCC  cell lines, tissues were detected, and the inhibition of  MIC 1 antibody on  ESCC  was carried out  in vitro  and  in vivo . The results showed that the serum  MIC 1 of  ESCC  was significantly higher than normal groups ( P <  0.001), and was positively associated with tumor invasion ( P =  0.030) as well as lymph node metastasis ( P =  0.007). The sensitivity of  MIC 1 was significantly better than  SCC ,  CEA ,  CA 199 and  CA 724, especially for stage I  ESCC . Patients with higher serum  MIC 1 also had a poorer prognosis in relapse‐free ( P =  0.050) and tumor‐specific survival ( P =  0.005).  In vitro  studies showed that the expression of  MIC 1 was upregulated in 37.5% (3/8)  ESCC  cell lines and 45% (18/40) tissues, and the transcription of  MIC 1 in tumor tissues was significantly higher than paired adjacent normal tissues ( P =  0.001). The antibody of  MIC 1 inhibited the tumor growth ( P <  0.001), and showing preference for tumor tissues in xenograft model. The decreased formation of neovascularization lumen may be involved in the mechanism. We conclude that  MIC 1 plays an important role in the progression of  ESCC  and can serve as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for  ESCC .

cancer science

Macrophage inhibitory factor 1 acts as a potential biomarker in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and is a target for antibody‐based therapy