Premium
Eicosanoids, prostacyclin and cyclooxygenase in the cardiovascular system
Author(s) -
Mitchell Jane A,
Kirkby Nicholas S
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
british journal of pharmacology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.432
H-Index - 211
eISSN - 1476-5381
pISSN - 0007-1188
DOI - 10.1111/bph.14167
Subject(s) - prostacyclin , cyclooxygenase , eicosanoid , medicine , prostanoid , disease , arachidonic acid , pharmacology , bioinformatics , prostaglandin , biology , enzyme , biochemistry
Eicosanoids represent a diverse family of lipid mediators with fundamental roles in physiology and disease. Within the eicosanoid superfamily are prostanoids, which are specifically derived from arachidonic acid by the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX). COX has two isoforms; COX-1 and COX-2. COX-2 is the therapeutic target for the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) class of pain medications. Of the prostanoids, prostacyclin, first discovered by Sir John Vane in 1976, remains amongst the best studied and retains an impressive pedigree as one of the fundamental cardiovascular protective pathways. Since this time, we have learnt much about how eicosanoids, COX enzymes and prostacyclin function in the cardiovascular system, knowledge that has allowed us, for example, to harness the power of prostacyclin as therapy to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension and peripheral vascular disease. However, there remain many unanswered questions in our basic understanding of the pathways, and how they can be used to improve human health. Perhaps, the most important and controversial outstanding question in the field remains; 'how do NSAIDs produce their much publicized cardiovascular side-effects?' This review summarizes the history, biology and cardiovascular function of key eicosanoids with particular focus on prostacyclin and other COX products and discusses how our knowledge of these pathways can applied in future drug discovery and be used to explain the cardiovascular side-effects of NSAIDs. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Eicosanoids 35 years from the 1982 Nobel: where are we now? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.8/issuetoc.