Impaired Cytoplasmic–Nuclear Transport of Hypoxia‐Inducible Factor‐1α in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

We investigated the mechanisms underlying abnormal vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) production in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ). We immunohistochemically studied VEGF , its receptors VEGFR 1 and 2, and hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α ( HIF ‐1α) in autopsied ALS spinal cords. We also chronologically assessed the expression of HIF ‐1α, karyopherin β1, karyopherin β‐cargo protein complex inhibitors and nuclear pore complex proteins in G93A mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (m SOD 1) transgenic mice at presymptomatic, symptomatic and end stages. In ALS patients, compared with controls, HIF ‐1α immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm of anterior horn cells ( AHCs ) was significantly increased, while immunoreactivities for VEGF and VEGFRs were significantly decreased. Similar changes in HIF ‐1α and VEGF levels were observed in m SOD 1 transgenic mice. HIF ‐1α co‐localized with karyopherin β1 in the cytoplasm of AHCs and karyopherin β1 co‐localized with nucleoporin 62 ( N up62) on the nuclear envelope. From the presymptomatic stage of m SOD 1 transgenic mice, karyopherin β1 immunoreactivity in AHC nuclei significantly decreased and morphological irregularities of the N up62‐immunostained nuclear envelope became more pronounced with disease progression. Thus, in AHCs from m SOD 1 transgenic mice, transport of cytoplasmic HIF ‐1α to the nuclear envelope and into the nucleus is impaired from the presymptomatic stage, suggesting that impaired cytoplasmic–nuclear transport of HIF ‐1α through the nuclear pore might precede motor neuron degeneration.