Human neutrophils swim and phagocytise bacteria

Background Information Leukocytes migrate in an amoeboid fashion while patrolling our organism in the search for infection or tissue damage. Their capacity to migrate has been proven integrin independent, however, non‐specific adhesion or confinement remain a requisite in current models of cell migration. This idea has been challenged twice within the last decade with human neutrophils and effector T lymphocytes, which were shown to migrate in free suspension, a phenomenon termed swimming. While the relevance of leukocyte swimming in vivo remains under judgment, a growing amount of clinical evidence demonstrates that leukocytes are indeed found in liquid‐filled body cavities, occasionally with phagocyted pathogens, such as in the amniotic fluid, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or the eye vitreous and aqueous humor. Results We studied in vitro swimming of primary human neutrophils in the presence of live bacteria, in 2 and 3 dimensions. We show that swimming neutrophils perform phagocytosis of bacteria in suspension. By micropatterning live bacteria on a substrate with an optical technique, we further prove that they use chemotaxis to swim towards their targets. Moreover, we provide evidence that neutrophil navigation can alternate between adherent and non‐adherent modes. Conclusions Our results suggest that human neutrophils do not rely on adhesion to carry out their functions, supporting a versatile phagocytic function adaptable to the various environmental conditions encountered in vivo, as already suggested by clinical data. Significance We verified a claim stated 10 years ago and never reproduced, on the capacity of human neutrophils to swim and perform swimming chemotaxis. We further extended those results to prove that swimming neutrophils can phagocytise bacteria, disregarding adhesion nor confinement as a requisite for accomplishing their function, which differs with current paradigms of leukocyte migration.