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Advances in the pathogenesis of primary and secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: differences and similarities
Author(s) -
Brisse Ellen,
Wouters Carine H.,
Matthys Patrick
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
british journal of haematology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.907
H-Index - 186
eISSN - 1365-2141
pISSN - 0007-1048
DOI - 10.1111/bjh.14147
Subject(s) - hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis , immunology , fulminant , context (archaeology) , perforin , pathogenesis , cytotoxic t cell , cd8 , disease , inflammation , genetic predisposition , biology , immune system , medicine , genetics , pathology , paleontology , in vitro
Summary Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis ( HLH ) comprises a heterogeneous spectrum of hyperinflammatory conditions that are inherited (primary HLH ) or acquired in a context of infections, malignancies or autoimmune/autoinflammatory disorders (secondary HLH ). Genetic defects in the cytotoxic machinery of natural killer and CD 8 + T cells underlie primary HLH , with residual cytotoxicity determining disease severity. Improved sequencing techniques have expanded the range of causal mutations and have redefined many cases of secondary HLH as primary HLH and vice versa, blurring the distinction between both subtypes. These insights allow HLH to be conceptualized as a threshold disease, in which interplay between various genetic and environmental factors causes progressive inflammation into a critical point, beyond which uncontrolled activation of immune cells and excessive cytokine production give rise to the cardinal symptoms of HLH . Various pathogenic pathways may thus converge to a common end stage of fulminant HLH .