Premium
The non‐neuronal and nonmuscular effects of botulinum toxin: an opportunity for a deadly molecule to treat disease in the skin and beyond
Author(s) -
Grando S.A.,
Zachary C.B.
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
british journal of dermatology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.304
H-Index - 179
eISSN - 1365-2133
pISSN - 0007-0963
DOI - 10.1111/bjd.16080
Subject(s) - botulinum toxin , medicine , pathology , biology , immunology , cancer research , neuroscience
Summary There is growing evidence that botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) exhibit biological effects on various human cell types with a host of associated clinical implications. This review aims to provide an update on the non‐neuronal and nonmuscular effects of botulinum toxin. We critically analysed recent reports on the structure and function of cellular signalling systems subserving biological effects of Bo NT s. The Bo NT receptors and intracellular targets are not unique for neurotransmission. They have been found in both neuronal and non‐neuronal cells, but there are differences in how Bo NT binds to, and acts on, neuronal vs. non‐neuronal cells. The non‐neuronal cells that express one or more Bo NT /A‐binding proteins, and/or cleavage target synaptosomal‐associated protein 25, include: epidermal keratinocytes; mesenchymal stem cells from subcutaneous adipose; nasal mucosal cells; urothelial cells; intestinal, prostate and alveolar epithelial cells; breast cell lines; neutrophils; and macrophages. Serotype Bo NT /A can also elicit specific biological effects in dermal fibroblasts, sebocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Nontraditional applications of Bo NT have been reported for the treatment of the following dermatological conditions: hyperhidrosis, Hailey–Hailey disease, Darier disease, inversed psoriasis, aquagenic palmoplantar keratoderma, pachyonychia congenita, multiple eccrine hydrocystomas, eccrine angiomatous hamartoma, eccrine sweat gland naevi, congenital eccrine naevus, Raynaud phenomenon and cutaneous leiomyomas. Experimental studies have demonstrated the ability of Bo NT /A to protect skin flaps, facilitate wound healing, decrease thickness of hypertrophic scars, produce an anti‐ageing effect, improve a mouse model of psoriasiform dermatitis, and have also revealed extracutaneous effects of Bo NT arising from its anti‐inflammatory and anticancer properties. Bo NT s have a much wider range of applications than originally understood, and the individual cellular responses to the cholinergic impacts of Bo NT s could provide fertile ground for future studies.