Estimating the average treatment effect on survival based on observational data and using partly conditional modeling

Summary Treatments are frequently evaluated in terms of their effect on patient survival. In settings where randomization of treatment is not feasible, observational data are employed, necessitating correction for covariate imbalances. Treatments are usually compared using a hazard ratio. Most existing methods which quantify the treatment effect through the survival function are applicable to treatments assigned at time 0. In the data structure of our interest, subjects typically begin follow‐up untreated; time‐until‐treatment, and the pretreatment death hazard are both heavily influenced by longitudinal covariates; and subjects may experience periods of treatment ineligibility. We propose semiparametric methods for estimating the average difference in restricted mean survival time attributable to a time‐dependent treatment, the average effect of treatment among the treated, under current treatment assignment patterns. The pre‐ and posttreatment models are partly conditional, in that they use the covariate history up to the time of treatment. The pre‐treatment model is estimated through recently developed landmark analysis methods. For each treated patient, fitted pre‐ and posttreatment survival curves are projected out, then averaged in a manner which accounts for the censoring of treatment times. Asymptotic properties are derived and evaluated through simulation. The proposed methods are applied to liver transplant data in order to estimate the effect of liver transplantation on survival among transplant recipients under current practice patterns.