Premium
Extracellular matrix proteins matrix metallopeptidase 9 ( MMP 9) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 ( sICAM ‐1) and correlations with clinical staging in euthymic bipolar disorder
Author(s) -
Reininghaus Eva Z,
Lackner Nina,
Birner Armin,
Bengesser Susanne,
Fellendorf Frederike T,
Platzer Martina,
Rieger Alexandra,
Queissner Robert,
Kainzbauer Nora,
Reininghaus Bernd,
McIntyre Roger S,
Mangge Harald,
Zelzer Sieglinde,
Fuchs Dietmar,
Dejonge Silvia,
Müller Norbert
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
bipolar disorders
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.285
H-Index - 129
eISSN - 1399-5618
pISSN - 1398-5647
DOI - 10.1111/bdi.12380
Subject(s) - confounding , medicine , intercellular adhesion molecule 1 , bipolar disorder , extracellular matrix , matrix metalloproteinase , disease , major depressive disorder , gastroenterology , inflammation , chemistry , biochemistry , lithium (medication) , amygdala
Objectives Matrix metallopeptidase 9 ( MMP 9) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 ( sICAM ‐1) are both involved in the restructuring of connective tissues. Evidence also implicates MMP 9 and sICAM in cardiovascular and neoplastic diseases, where blood levels may be a marker of disease severity or prognosis. In individuals with bipolar disorder ( BD ), higher risk for cardiovascular illness has been extensively reported. Methods The aim of this investigation was to measure and compare peripheral levels of serum MMP 9 and sICAM in adults with euthymic BD and healthy controls ( HC ). Furthermore, we focussed on correlations with illness severity and metabolic parameters. Results MMP 9 levels among the BD sample (n = 112) were significantly higher than among the HC (n = 80) ( MMP 9: F = 9.885, p = 0.002, η 2 = 0.058) after controlling for confounding factors. Patients with BD in a later, progressive stage of disease showed significantly higher MMP 9 as well as sICAM ‐1 levels compared to patients with BD in an earlier stage of disease ( MMP 9: F = 5.8, p = 0.018, η 2 = 0.054; sICAM ‐1: F = 5.6, p = 0.020, η 2 = 0.052). Correlation analyses of cognitive measures revealed a negative association between performance on the d2 Test of Attention and MMP 9 ( r = −0.287, p = 0.018) in the BD sample. Despite the sample being euthymic (i.e., according to conventional criteria) at the time of analysis, we found significant correlations between MMP 9 as well as sICAM ‐1 and subthreshold depressive/hypomanic symptoms. Conclusions A collection of disparate findings herein point to a role of MMP 9 and cICAM ‐1 in the patho‐progressive process of BD : the increased levels of serum MMP 9 and sICAM ‐1, the correlation between higher levels of these parameters, progressive stage, and cognitive dysfunction in BD , and the positive correlation with subthreshold symptoms. As sICAM ‐1 and MMP 9 are reliable biomarkers of inflammatory and early atherosclerotic disease, these markers may provide indications of the presence of occult cardiovascular disease in this highly at‐risk population.