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Psychotropic medication in pregnancy and lactation and early development of exposed children
Author(s) -
Leutritz Anna Linda,
Braam Lara,
Preis Katharina,
Gehrmann Andrea,
ScherfClavel Maike,
Fiedler Katrin,
Unterecker Stefan,
KittelSchneider Sarah
Publication year - 2023
Publication title -
british journal of clinical pharmacology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.216
H-Index - 146
eISSN - 1365-2125
pISSN - 0306-5251
DOI - 10.1111/bcp.15533
Subject(s) - quetiapine , pregnancy , medicine , escitalopram , sertraline , venlafaxine , clomipramine , therapeutic drug monitoring , risperidone , lactation , psychotropic drug , obstetrics , pharmacokinetics , pediatrics , pharmacology , drug , psychiatry , antidepressant , schizophrenia (object oriented programming) , anxiety , genetics , biology
There is still limited knowledge about alterations of blood concentrations of psychotropic drugs during pregnancy, the transfer of psychotropic drugs into breastmilk and the effects on exposed children. We investigated changes in concentrations of psychopharmacological medication during pregnancy and lactation in serum and breastmilk at different time points in a naturalistic sample of 60 mothers and observed the development of the exposed children in the first 12 months. We found a decrease in serum concentrations from the first to the second trimester of amitriptyline, duloxetine, escitalopram, quetiapine and sertraline. Citalopram stayed rather stable during pregnancy, sertraline levels interestingly increased again from the second to the third trimester. High concentration‐by‐dose ratios in breastmilk were found for venlafaxine as well as lamotrigine, low for quetiapine and clomipramine. Similarly, clomipramine and quetiapine showed low milk/serum–penetration ratios. Regarding the birth outcome measures in children, we found no significant differences between in utero exposed compared to nonexposed newborns. There were no significant differences in the development in the first 12 months. Psychotropic medication in the peripartum needs a balancing of risks and benefits and a continuous therapeutic drug monitoring can be a guidance for clinicians to monitor drug alteration patterns, which are likely to occur due to physiological pregnancy‐associated changes in pharmacokinetics. Accordingly, therapeutic drug monitoring can optimize a medication in pregnancy and lactation with the lowest effective dose.